West Nile Virus
Reporting obligation
Individuals who have or may have West Nile Virus (WNV) shall be reported to KFL&A Public Health.
Reportable Disease Notification Form
Epidemiology
Aetiologic agent
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus of the genus Flavivirus.
Clinical presentation
There are three clinical manifestations of WNV; asymptomatic, non-neurological and neurological. The majority of WNV cases are asymptomatic. About 20% of infected persons develop the usually less severe symptom complex known as WNV nonneurological syndrome. This presents with a mild flu-like illness with fever, headache and body aches, occasionally with a skin rash and swollen lymph nodes or other non-specific symptoms that last several days. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, eye pain or photophobia. WNV neurological symptoms can present as an encephalitis illness as well as conditions similar to acute flaccid paralysis, and parkinsons disease. Fewer than 1% of infected people will develop neurological symptoms.
Modes of transmission
Mosquitoes are the main vectors of WNV with the Culex genus being the primary vector. In Ontario the main vectors of concern are Culex pipiens and Culex restuans. Indirect human transmission can occur through blood and organ donations. Most infants born to women who have contracted WNV during pregnancy have no infection or clinical abnormalities. There is only one reported case of confirmed congenital WNV infection. There is one report of WNV infection transmitted from human milk, but the infant remained asymptomatic.
Incubation period
Usually 2 to15 days.
Period of communicability
No direct person-to-person transmission. Infected mosquitoes probably transmit virus throughout life.
Susceptibility appears to be general and throughout life in both sexes at all ages. Persons over 50 years of age and immunocompromised persons have the highest risk of severe disease.
Risk and susceptibility
Risk factors include: spending time outdoors during the early morning or evening hours, having exposed skin during these hours, and not wearing insect repellant with DEET.
Diagnosis and laboratory testing
Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and serological test results. Any of the following serological test results will constitute a confirmed case of WN virus:
- Positive West Nile virus culture
- Positive for West Nile virus antigen in tissue
- Positive for West Nile virus-specific nucleic acid
- Positive for West Nile virus-specific antibody
- Diagnostic rise in West Nile virus antibody titre
Public Health Ontario Directory Index
Treatment and case management
There is no specific treatment for this virus, but the symptoms and complications of the disease can be treated. Provide education regarding: the use of insect repellent when outdoors; wearing long sleeve shirts and long pants and light coloured clothes; cleaning up mosquito-friendly areas around your home regularly such as standing water.
Current labels on DEET-containing repellants state that they should not be applied to children under 2 years of age. Health Canada, however, recommends that "DEET may be considered for children aged 6 months to 2 years, where there is a high risk of complications to the child from insect bites. Use sparingly, avoid the face and hands, apply only once a day, and use only the least concentrated product (10% or less)."
KFL&A Public Health Information Sheet - West Nile Virus
Government of Canada - West Nile Virus
Additional readings
- PHAC - West Nile Virus Monitor, Maps & Stats.
- CDC-Division of Vector-Borne Diseases - West Nile Virus
- Health Canada - Insect Repellant
References:
Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, Infectious Diseases Protocol
Adapted with permission from Leeds, Grenville & Lanark District Health Unit